Mr. Kostecki "The Ideal Gas Law Lab"

The Ideal Gas Law
Experimenters: Eric Tuvell, Molly Lorenz

Purpose: Using the Ideal Gas Law, we should be able to understand the different relationships between pressure, temperature, volume, and how they work ideally at a molecular level.

Materials Used:
Gas Law Apparatus Syringe
Short Piece of Tygon Tubing
Computer Based Laboratory System
Pressure Sensor
RealTime Physics Heat and Thermodynamics experiment configuration files
Piece of String
Scissors
Air Chamber and Tubing
2 Large Insulated Containers
Hot Water
Ice
Temperature Sensor

Experimental Procedure:

Analysis:

Conclusion:

Mr. Kostecki "The Ideal Gas Law Lab"

The Ideal Gas Law
Experimenters: Eric Tuvell, Molly Lorenz

Main Purpose: Using the Ideal Gas Law, we should be able to understand the different relationships between pressure, temperature, volume, and how they work ideally at a molecular level.

1) P&V Materials Used:
Gas Law Apparatus Syringe
Short Piece of Tygon Tubing
Computer Based Laboratory System
Pressure Sensor
RealTime Physics Heat and Thermodynamics experiment configuration files
Piece of String
Scissors

1) P&V Predictions:
Prediction 1-1: As you compress the air in a syringe by pushing the piston slowly, what will happen to the pressure? What do you think will be the mathematical relationship between pressure P and volume V?
We thought that the pressure will increase, and the relationship between pressure and volume will be inversely proportional.

1) P&V Experimental Procedure:

1) P&V Analysis:
Question 1-1: What is the relationship between P and V? Is it proportional, linear, inversely proportional, or something else? Did this agree with your prediction?
The relationship between pressure and volume was inversely proportional and did agree with our prediction.
Question 1-2: Write down the relationship between the initial pressure and volume (PiVi) and the final pressure and volume (PfVf) for an isothermal process?
PiVi=19.665, PfVf=17.28 The initial is larger then the final.

1) P&V Conclusion:
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Miss Harris "Karl Marx vs. Adam Smith"

Molly Lorenz
Miss Harris
American History II
9/20/2007
Karl Marx and Adam Smith
Writing a century apart, yet forever are their two pieces held side by side, Marx and Smith are two political writers and philosophers. Marx wrote book on communism in the 19th century; a time where capitalism had made for poor living situations and there was a great amount of hostility between the classes of people. Smith wrote his in 1776, near the time of the Industrial Revolution. In his ideal world, each person would be acting in their own interest, regulating the capitalist economy, and prices of things would stabilize at the lowest reasonable rates. He was a capitalist, and was a firm believer of mantra 'if you work hard, you will be rewarded'. This is not always the case, however. Marx, believed that the eventual revolutionary overthrow or capitalism was eminent and would be done by the proletariat, or "working class". So while Smith believed that everyone would gain something if they all worked, Marx believed that the working class would start a revolution against the more privileged bourgeoisie.
They were similar in the fact that they were both adamant about what they believed, and had proof to prove their points. Smith would use the 'invisible hand theory', while Marx would say that the working class is unhappy and would eventually lead to a revolution in the advanced industrial countries. Smith was more of a thinker on a smaller scale, as he thought that other people were as well. He wanted for them to trade amongst themselves; whereas Marx knew that that wasn't going to last very long because people would want more in the end.

Miss Harris "U.S. Presidents"

Molly Lorenz
Miss Harris
USA History II
10/4/07
Presidents and Vice Presidents from 1861-1912
One Fact About Their Political Stance
One Event of Their Reign
President: Abraham Lincoln
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1861-1865
Political Stance Fact: He was for the freedom of slaves, and welcomed the South "back" into the US after they had seceded.
Major Event: Civil War, Emancipation Proclamation, 13th Amendment.
-Vice President: Hannibal Hamlin
-Vice President: Andrew Johnson

President: Andrew Johnson
Politics: National Union
Reign of Presidency: 1865-1869
Political Stance Fact: He wanted to continue with Lincoln's plans, but when most of the Southern states did not ratify the 14th Amendment, he had to include punishments and limitations.
Major Event: Black codes, Freedman's Bureau, End of Civil War, 13&14th Amendments.
.
President: Ulysses S. Grant
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1869-1877
Political Stance Fact: He allowed the Radical Reconstruction in the South run its course, bolstering it occasionally with military action.
Major Event: Credit Mobilier, the Sanborn contracts, the Whiskey Ring, Belknap bribery, ratification of the 15th Amendment, the Panic of 1873, and the Resumption of Specie Act.
-Vice President: Schuyler Colfax

President: Rutherford Hayes
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1877-1881
Political Stance Fact: He pledged protection of the rights of blacks in the South, but at the same time advocated the restoration of "wise, honest, and peaceful local self-government".
Major Event: Bland-Allison Act
-Vice President: William Wheeler

President: James Garfield
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1881
Political Stance Fact: During the secession crisis, he advocated coercing the seceding states back into the Union.
Major Event: Chinese Exclusion Act
-Vice President: Chester Arthur

President: Chester Arthur
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1881-1885
Political Stance Fact: Remained unattached and unaffiliated with any party.
Major Event: Pendleton Act and Tarriff Act

President: Grover Cleveland
Politics: Democrat
Reign of Presidency: 1885-1889, 1893-1897
Political Stance Fact: He wanted policy barring special favors to any economic group. Vetoing a bill to appropriate $10,000 to distribute seed grain among drought-stricken farmers in Texas, first democrat president since the Civil War.
Major Event: Interstate Commerce Act,
-Vice President: Thomas Hendriks (First time.)
-Vice President: Adlai Stevenson (Second time.)

President: Benjamin Harrison
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1889-1893
Political Stance Fact: Tried to have the US annex Hawaii, but was out-voted
Major Event: Sherman Anti-Trust Act,
-Vice President: Levi Morton

President: William McKinley
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1897-1901
Political Stance Fact: Thought of trusts as "dangerous conspiracies against the public good".
Major Event: The Great Depression, Spanish-American War
-Vice President: Garret Hobart,
-Vice President: Theodore Roosevelt

President: Theodore Roosevelt
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1901-1909
Political Stance Fact: Held the ideal that the government should be the arbiter of the opposing economic forces in the US; esp. between labor and capital, favoring neither side.
Major Event: Construction of the Panama Canal, won the Nobel Peace Prize for mediating the Russo-Japanese War, and for reaching a Gentleman's Agreement on immigration with Japan.
-Vice President: Charles Fairbanks

President: William Taft
Politics: Republican
Reign of Presidency: 1909-1913
Political Stance Fact: Did not like Roosevelt, and in fact did not welcome him back when Roosevelt returned from Africa.
Major Event: 16th Amendment,
-Vice President: James Sherman

Miss Harris "Influenza Pandemic"

Influenza Pandemic of 1918
Estimated to have taken 100 million lives, the influenza pandemic of 1918 seemed to have risen from the ashes of the war. It still remains unclear how it started- some even proposing to say it came from burning pigs' manure, though this is discouraged by the scientists. All we can say is that is greatly outnumbered even the black plague, and varied in it's symptoms and expectancy rates. You could start by having a migraine, and with any luck at all, within the next 8 hours you will have died. Also possible was the temperature of 103 F and coughing up blood-streaked pus. Those ones die of asphyxiation from their lungs filling with fluid. If 100 million people died this way, and each one of them left one person behind who cared about them, this certainly affected 200 million people right there.
There was one man who was in Toronto when World War I started, and volunteered to serve. In 1915 he was sent over to England. He wrote to his daughter often, telling her of all the men in his camp- how many of them were dying from influenza, and how frightening it was. He said this over and over. The problem was that they weren't supposed to be talking about anything, as the wartime secrecy was imposed upon them. The letters were not intercepted, thankfully, and this man and his daughter were able to communicate.

Unbelievable as it may seem, neither physicians, not city officials were required to record the cases of the flu in 1918. In Boston in the Receiving Ship in one week, more then 300 men were sick from influenza. It was not a surprise that influenza spread so quickly on the Receiving Ship- it was a holding station for soldiers on their way to war. It was overcrowded with people and rats alike, and was without soap, drinking water, and working toilets. How unfortunate for the men trying to do their part and help fight against this war that they had to fight against a more down-to-business killer first. The men really didn't stand a chance because we paid them no mind until The Boston Globe reported "unless precautions are taken the disease in all probability will spread to the civilian population". Why were precautions not taken in the first place, gentlemen?


"Spanish Flu"
More deadly statistically then the plague, more people died in 1 year
The war was greatly responsible for bringing the flu into the US.
Introductory mission statement:
281-tv
287,288-hiv
11,50-soldier flu impact
5-7, 195- aids

Miss Harris "Just War Theory"

Molly Lorenz
Miss Harris
USA History II
11/06/07
Just War Theory Thoughts
The Just War Criteria has two sections- Just decision and Just conduct. Total, there are 9 bullet points, though one is repeated twice, once in each category. The theory limits any man without proper authority to declare war, thus mandating that there is a reason behind the declaration, as our authorized man cannot just declare wars right and left, but has to run it by other people first. It also protects the countries' laws, although there really is not an adequate way of punishing those individuals who did not respect those laws. All in all, I'd have to say that yes, I do agree with the Just War Theory.
I agree with it because it protects as many people as possible. It protects soldiers by not allowing them to be shot at if they are unarmed. It protects small countries, uninvolved countries, and even big countries from a random war declaration. It makes war the very last resort- all methods of peacefully fixing the situation must be exhausted first. Its very first point seems to make certain the fact that even declared by a "legitimate authority", a war will not happen for no reason, stating that "the war must have a just cause".
I think that if something has been around for centuries, chances are such that it is doing something right. Many people drew bits and pieces of what was later known as The Just War Theory from Marcus Tullius Cicero, who was born in 106BC. That was well over 2000 years ago. This theory, though, is not a theory at all- but more of a "proposal of practical reasons" according to Anglican theologian Oliver O'Donovan- and as such, it seems to capture your moral attention. Most of the Just War Theory is morally influenced, however, and probably almost everyone can support more then one of these points. Even if you are against war, as I am, there is that previously mentioned criteria that before a war even is declared, every nonviolent option must be tried first, for example.
In my personal opinion, I absolutely think that the Just War Theory is just as applicable today as it was when it originated, if not more-so, as our weaponry has advanced into nuclear missiles. According to the theory one country may not attack another country with a dangerous weapon like a smart bomb if the receiving country is not in possession of a similarly destructive weapon. Also, uninvolved countries cannot be purposefully targeted, thus they remain unaffiliated. The proportionality point asks if the proposed result of the war will outweigh all the destruction and death it has caused- a point which I asked about all wars before even learning about the theory. As science gets more advance, I think that the Just War Theory will continue to apply globally, protecting civilians, such as myself, and unarmed soldiers alike.

Miss Harris "Patience is a Virtue"

Molly Lorenz
Miss Harris
USA History II
11/23/07
Patience is a Virtue
In this picture, there is a boat descending into the water, a pretty common thing to think about, or hear of in the early 1900's. There were very many German u-boats (submarines) that were torpedoing ships from other countries, even neutral countries, such as the United States. It's quite obvious, as the boat is half sunk already, that this ship is going down and probably pretty fast. It's no surprise that this boat represents patience, as the bold, black lettering on the boat actually reads "PATIENCE", after some indistinguishable letters, presumably "S.S.". Then all of this must mean that Patience has fallen- the last thing that the world could have hoped for.
One specific aspect to point out in the picture would be the submarine lurking below the water, watching from a distance. The picture is entitled "The Crowning Achievement", with the caption below it reading "This Latest Submarine Victim May Be The Last". This fictitious submarine probably was not unlike other u-boats that were not fictitious at the time; in this case, it appears to have produced a hidden attack, sneaking up on Patience.
According to the Just Law Theory, war must be a last resort. Not "it should be", not "it's possible to have"- "it must be". It's stated, and there is more then enough evidence to support that peace, and patience, were not given enough of a chance to avoid this war.
Less then a fortnight before this picture was drawn, the Easter Uprising begins. Numerous boats are captured, and 16 Dubliners were hanged due to the British. This leads America's sympathy for England to be much lower then beforehand. If the British are creating violent acts on the once-calm seas, then this picture surely can't be just about Germany. It seems to be a worldly death, patience, that is.
On a final note, I will say that yes, I do agree with the point that patience was not present from what I have read for most, if not all, of the beginning of World War One. I think that this artist made a very valid point be known, but how said that point was.